وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoقَطَعَcrossedنَهْرَriverبَلْخٍBalkhسَعِيدُSaeedبْنُson ofعُثْمَانَUthmanبْنِson ofعَفَّانَ.Affan.
And the first who crossed the river of Balkh was Saeed ibn Uthman ibn Affan.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoضَرَبَstruckبِسَيْفِهِwith his swordبَابَgateقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةَConstantinople
And the first who struck with his sword the gate of Constantinople
وَأَذَّنَand gave the call to prayerفِيinبِلَادِlands ofالرُّومِthe RomansعَبْدُAbdullahاللَّهِAllahبْنُson ofطُلَيْبٍTulaibمِنْfromبَنِيBanuعَامِرِAmirبْنِson ofصَعْصَعَةَSa'sa'ah
and gave the call to prayer in the lands of the Romans was Abdullah ibn Tulaib from Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah,
وَكَانَand he wasمَعَwithمَسْلَمَةَMaslamahبْنِson ofعَبْدِAbdالْمَلِكِal-Malik
and he was with Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.
فَأَرَادَSo wantedقَيْصَرُCaesarقَتْلَهُto kill him
So Caesar wanted to kill him,
فَقَالَso he saidوَاللَّهِBy Allahلَئِنْif indeedقَتَلْتَنِيyou kill meلَاwill notتَبْقَىremainبَيْعَةٌchurchفِيinبُلْدَانِlands ofالْإِسْلَامِIslamإِلَّاexceptهُدِمَتْit is demolished
so he said: By Allah, if you kill me, not a single church will remain in the lands of Islam except that it will be demolished!
فَكَفَّSo he desistedعَنْهُfrom him.
So he desisted from him.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoجَمَّعَled the Friday prayerجُمُعَةًfor FridayمُصْعَبُMus'abبْنُson ofعُمَيْرٍUmair.
And the first who led a Friday prayer was Mus'ab ibn Umair.
جَمَّعَهُمْHe gathered themبِالْمَدِينَةِin Madinahوَكَانُواand they wereاثْنَيْtwelveعَشَرَtenرَجُلاًman.
He gathered them in Madinah and they were twelve men.
وَرَوَىAnd narratedأَبُوAbuهِلَالٍHilalعَنْfromأَبِيAbuحَمْزَةَHamzahقَالَwho said:
And Abu Hilal narrated from Abu Hamzah, who said:
أَوَّلُThe firstمَنْwhoرَأَيْنَاwe sawبِالْبَصْرَةِin Basrahيَتَوَضَّأُperforming ablutionبِالْمَاءِwith waterعُبَيْدُUbaidullahاللَّهِAllahبْنُson ofأَبِيAbiبَكْرَةَBakrah
The first whom we saw in Basrah performing ablution with water was Ubaidullah ibn Abi Bakrah,
فَقُلْنَاso we said:انْظُرُواLookإِلَىatهَذَاthisالشَّيْخِold manيَلُوطُhe is washingاستهhis rearأَيْmeaningيَسْتَنْجِيhe cleans himselfبِالْمَاءِwith water.
so we said: Look at this old man washing his rear—meaning, he cleans himself with water.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَوْلُودٍnewbornوُلِدَbornفِيinالْإِسْلَامِIslamعَبْدُAbdullahاللَّهِAllahبْنُson ofالزُّبَيْرِal-Zubair.
And the first newborn born in Islam was Abdullah ibn al-Zubair.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoرَشَاoffered a bribeفِيinالْإِسْلَامِIslamالْمُغِيرَةُal-Mughirahبْنُson ofشُعْبَةَShu'bah.
And the first who offered a bribe in Islam was al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstرَامٍarcherرَمَىwho shotفِيinالْإِسْلَامِIslamسَعْدُSa'dبْنُson ofأَبِيAbiوَقَّاصِWaqqas.
And the first archer who shot in Islam was Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstقَاضٍjudgeقَضَىwho judgedأَبُوAbuقُرَّةَQurrahالْكِنْدِيُّal-Kindi.
And the first judge who judged was Abu Qurrah al-Kindi.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoاتَّخَذَtook/usedالْجَمَّازَاتِfast-riding camels/littersأُمُّUmmجَعْفَرٍJa'far.
And the first who used fast-riding litters was Umm Ja'far.
[مَسَاوِئُ[Vices ofالْأَوَائِلِ]the ancients]
[Vices of the Ancients]
أَوَّلُThe firstمَنْwhoاتَّخَذَmadeالْوُودَthe lute/oudرَجُلٌa manيُقَالُwho is calledلَمَكُLamak.
The first who made the oud was a man called Lamak.
وُلِدَThere was bornلَهُto himعَلَىuponكِبَرِold ageسِنِّهِof his ageابْنٌa sonفَأُصِيبَand he was strickenبِهِby his loss
A son was born to him in his old age, and he was stricken by his loss,
وَاشْتَدَّand intensifiedوَجْدُهُhis griefعَلَيْهِover him.
and his grief over him intensified.
فَعَمَدَSo he resortedإِلَىtoعُودٍa piece of woodوَاتَّخَذَand madeكَهَيْأَةِlike the formالصَّبِيِّof a boy
So he resorted to a piece of wood and made it in the form of a boy,
شِبْهَresemblingصَدْرِchestالْعُودِof the oudبِالْفَخِذِto the thighوَإِبْرِيقِهِand its spoutبِالْقَدَمِto the footوَالْمَلَاوِيand the pegsبِالْأَصَابِعِto the fingersوَالْأَوْتَارَand the stringsبِالْعُرُوقِto the veins
resembling the chest of the oud to the thigh, its spout to the foot, the pegs to the fingers, and the strings to the veins,
ثُمَّthenضَرَبَhe playedبِهِupon it.
then he played upon it.
وَكَانَتْAnd there wasلَهُfor himابْنَةٌa daughterيُقَالُwho is calledلَهَاfor herمَلَاهِيَMalahi.
And he had a daughter called Malahi,
وَهِيَAnd sheأَوَّلُis the firstمَنْwhoاتَّخَذَتِmadeالْمَعَازِفَmusical instrumentsوَالطُّبُولَand drums.
and she is the first who made musical instruments and drums.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoعَمِلَmadeالطُّنَابِيرَtanburs (long-necked lutes)قَوْمُpeopleلُوطٍof Lot
And the first who made tanburs were the people of Lot,
كَانُواwho wereيَسْتَمِيلُونَattractingبِهَاwith themالْغِلْمَانَthe youthsالْمُرْدَbeardless.
who used them to attract beardless youths.
وَأَمَّاAs forالزَّمْرُpipe playingوَشِبْهُهُand the likeفَلِلرُّعَاةِthen it is for the shepherdsوَالْأَكْرَادِand the Kurds.
As for pipe playing and the like, it is for shepherds and Kurds.
وَكَانَAnd wasأَوَّلَthe firstمَنْwhoغَنَىsangمِنَamongالْعَرَبِthe ArabsجَذِيمَةُJadhimahبْنُson ofسَعْدٍSa'dالْخُزَاعِيُّal-Khuza'i.
And the first of the Arabs who sang was Jadhimah ibn Sa'd al-Khuza'i.
وَذَلِكَAnd thatبَعْدَwas afterجَرَادَتَيْthe two locustsعَادٍof Aad.
And that was after the two locusts of Aad.
وَكَانَAnd he wasمِنْamongأَحْسَنِthe bestالنَّاسِpeopleصَوْتاًin voiceفَسُمِيَso he was namedالْمُصْطَلِقَal-Mustaliq.
And he was among the people with the best voice, so he was named al-Mustaliq.
فَغَنَىSo he sangبِالرُّكْبَانِيَّةِin the Rukbaniyyah style.
So he sang in the Rukbaniyyah style.
وَيُقَالُAnd it is saidإِنَّthatأَوَّلَthe firstمَنْwhoغَنَىsangبِالْيَمَنِin Yemenرَجُلٌwas a manمِنْfromحِمْيَرَHimyarيُقَالُwho is calledلَهُfor himعَنْبَسُAnbas.
And it is said that the first who sang in Yemen was a man from Himyar called Anbas.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstمَنْwhoغَنَىsangبِالْحَرَمَيْنِin the Two SanctuariesطُوَيْسٌTuways.
And the first who sang in the Two Sanctuaries was Tuways.
وَأَوَّلُAnd the firstامْرَأَةٍwomanقُطِعَتْwhose hand was cut offيَدُهَاher handفِيinالْإِسْلَامِIslamفِيregardingالسَّرِقِthe theftبِنْتُwas the daughter ofسُفْيَانَSufyanبْنِson ofعَبْدِAbdالْأَسَدِal-AsadمِنْfromبَنِيBanuمَخْزُومٍMakhzum.
And the first woman whose hand was cut off in Islam for theft was the daughter of Sufyan ibn Abd al-Asad from Banu Makhzum.
قَطَعَهَاCut it offرَسُولُthe Messengerاللَّهِof Allahصَلَّىmay Allah send blessingsاللَّهُand peaceعَلَيْهِupon himوَسَلَّمَand grant him peace
The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, cut it off,
وَقَالَand said:لَوْIfكَانَتْit had beenفَاطِمَةُFatimahبِنْتُdaughter ofمُحَمَّدٍMuhammadلَقَطَعْتُهَاI would have cut off her hand.
and said: If Fatimah the daughter of Muhammad had done it, I would have cut off her hand.
وَمِنَAnd amongالرِّجَالِthe menالْخِيَارُal-Khiyarبْنُson ofعَدِيِّAdiبْنِson ofنَوْفَلٍNawfal.
And among the men was al-Khiyar ibn Adi ibn Nawfal.
[مَحَاسِنُ[Virtues ofالدَّلَائِلِ]the evidences]
[Virtues of the Evidences]
رُوِيَIt was narratedعَنِfromالنَّبِيِّthe Prophetصَلَّىmay Allah send blessingsاللَّهُand peaceعَلَيْهِupon himوَسَلَّمَand grant him peace
It was narrated from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace,
أَنَّهُthat heقَالَsaidلِعَلِيِّto Aliبْنِson ofأَبِيAbiطَالِبٍTalibرَضِيَmay Allah be pleasedاللَّهُwith himعَنْهُ(alternative placement)
that he said to Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him:
إِنَّIndeedالْمُؤْمِنَthe believerإِذَاwhenأَتَتْthere reachesعَلَيْهِupon himسِتُّونَsixtyسَنَةًyearsأَحَبَّهُloves himأَهْلُthe people ofالسَّمَاءِthe heavenوَالْأَرْضِand the earth.
Indeed, when the believer reaches sixty years of age, the inhabitants of the heavens and the earth love him.
وَإِذَاAnd whenأَتَتْthere reachesعَلَيْهِupon himسَبْعُونَseventyسَنَةًyearsكُتِبَتْare recordedحَسَنَاتُهُhis good deedsوَمُحِيَتْand are erasedسَيِّئَاتُهُhis bad deeds.
And when he reaches seventy years, his good deeds are recorded and his bad deeds are erased.
وَإِذَاAnd whenأَتَتْthere reachesعَلَيْهِupon himثَمَانُونَeightyسَنَةًyearsغُفِرَis forgivenلَهُfor himمَاwhatتَقَدَّمَprecededمِنْofذَنْبِهِhis sin.
And when he reaches eighty years, what preceded of his sin is forgiven for him.
وَإِذَاAnd whenأَتَتْthere reachesعَلَيْهِupon himتِسْعُونَninetyسَنَةًyearsشُفِّعَhe is granted intercessionفِيregardingأَهْلِthe people ofبَيْتِهِhis householdوَأَهْلِهِand his family.
And when he reaches ninety years, he is granted the right of intercession regarding his household and his family.
وَإِذَاAnd whenأَتَتْthere reachesعَلَيْهِupon himمِائَةُone hundredسَنَةٍyearsكُتِبَis writtenاسْمُهُhis nameعِنْدَwithاللَّهِAllahعَزَّthe Mightyوَجَلَّand Majesticأَسِيرُcaptiveاللَّهِof AllahفِيinأَرْضِهِHis earth.
And when he reaches one hundred years, his name is written with Allah, the Mighty and Majestic: the captive of Allah on His earth.
وَقَالَAnd saidعَمْرُوAmrبْنُson ofالْعَاصِيal-As:
And Amr ibn al-As said:
يَتَغَيَّرُChangesالْغُلَامُthe boyلِسَبْعٍat seven,وَيَحْتَلِمُand he reaches pubertyلِأَرْبَعَat fourteenعَشْرَةَtenسَنَةًyears,وَيَتِمُّand is completedخَلْقُهُhis creationلِإِحْدَىat twentyوَعِشْرِينَone,وَيَجْتَمِعُand gathersعَقْلُهُhis intellectلِثَمَانٍat eightوَعِشْرِينَand twenty,وَمَاand whatبَعْدَafterذَلِكَthatفَتَجَارِبُis experiences.
The boy changes at seven, reaches puberty at fourteen years, his physical creation is completed at twenty-one, his intellect matures at twenty-eight, and what is after that are experiences.
وَقَالَAnd saidوَهَشَابُورُWahashabur:
And Wahashabur said:
يُسْتَحَبُّIt is likedمِنَfromالرَّبِيعِspringالزَّهْرَةُits blossom,وَمِنَand fromالْخَرِيفِautumnالْخِصْبُits abundance,وَمِنَand fromالْغَرِيبِthe strangerالْانْقِبَاضُhis aloofness,وَمِنَand fromالْقَارِئِthe reciterالْبَيَانُhis clarity,وَمِنَand fromالْغُلَامِthe boyالْكَيَاسَةُhis cleverness,وَمِنَand fromالْجَارِيَةِthe girlالْمَلَاحَةُher charm.
It is liked: of spring, the blossom; of autumn, the abundance; of the stranger, aloofness; of the reciter, clarity; of the boy, cleverness; and of the girl, charm.
[وَمِنْهُ[And from itبَابٌis a chapterآخَرُ]another]
[And from it another chapter]
قِيلَIt was said:إِذَاWhenجَارَتِact unjustlyالْوُلَاةُthe rulersقَحَطَتِwithholds rainالسَّمَاءُthe sky,وَإِذَاand whenمُنِعَتِis withheldالزَّكَاةُthe Zakatهَلَكَتِperishesالْمَاشِيَةُthe livestock,وَإِذَاand whenظَهَرَappearsالرِّبَاusuryظَهَرَappearsالْفَقْرُpovertyوَالْمَسْكَنَةُand destitution,وَإِذَاand whenخُفِرَتِis violatedالذِّمَّةُthe covenantأُدِيلَis given dominanceالْعَدُوُّthe enemy.
It was said: When rulers act unjustly, the sky withholds rain; when Zakat is withheld, livestock perish; when usury appears, poverty and destitution appear; and when covenants are violated, the enemy is given dominance.
وَعَنْAnd fromابْنِIbnعَبَّاسٍAbbasقَالَhe said:
And from Ibn Abbas, who said:
إِذَاWhenرَأَيْتُمُyou seeالسِّيُوفَthe swordsقَدْhave beenأُعْرِيَتْunsheathedوَالدِّمَاءَand the bloodقَدْhas beenأُريقَتْspilledفَاعْلَمُواthen knowأَنَّthatحُكْمَthe rulingاللَّهِof AllahجَلَّMightyوَعَزَّand Majesticقَدْhas beenضُيِّعَneglectedوَانْتُقِمَand retribution is takenمِنْfromبَعْضِهِمْsome of themبِبَعْضٍby means of others.
When you see swords unsheathed and blood spilled, know that the ruling of Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has been neglected, and retribution is being taken from some of them by means of others.
وَإِذَاAnd whenرَأَيْتُمُyou seeالرِّثَاءَlamentation/mourningقَدْhasفَشَاspreadفَاعْلَمُواthen knowأَنَّthatالرِّبَاusuryقَدْhasفَشَاspread.
And when you see lamentation has spread, know that usury has spread.
وَإِذَاAnd whenمَنَعْتُمُyou withholdالْقَطْرَthe rainفَاعْلَمُواthen knowأَنَّthatالنَّاسَthe peopleقَدْhaveمَنَعُواwithheldمَاwhatعِنْدَهُمْthey haveمِنَofالزَّكَاةِZakat,فَمَنَعَso withheldاللَّهُAllahجَلَّMightyوَعَزَّand MajesticمَاwhatعِنْدَهُHe has.
And when rain is withheld from you, know that the people have withheld what they have of Zakat, so Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has withheld what He has.
[مَحَاسِنُ[Virtues ofالْمَشُورَةِ]consultation]
[Virtues of Consultation]
كَانَIt usedيُقَالُto be said:إِذَاWhenاسْتَخَارَseeks guidanceالرَّجُلُa manرَبَّهُfrom his Lordوَاسْتَشَارَand consultsنَصِيحَةًan adviserوَأَجْهَدَand strivesرَأْيَهُwith his opinionفَقَدْthen indeedقَضَىhe has fulfilledمَاwhatعَلَيْهِwas upon himوَيَقْضِيand decreesاللَّهُAllahجَلَّMightyوَعَزَّand Majesticفِيinأَمْرِهِhis matterمَاwhatيُحِبُّHe loves.
It used to be said: When a man seeks guidance from his Lord, consults a sincere adviser, and strives with his opinion, he has fulfilled what was upon him, and Allah, Mighty and Majestic, will decree in his matter what He loves.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:حُسْنُGoodالْمَشُورَةِconsultationمِنَfromالْمُشِيرِthe adviserقَضَاءٌis fulfillingلِحَقِّof the right ofالنِّعْمَةِthe blessing.
And another said: Good consultation from the adviser is fulfilling the right of the blessing.
وَقِيلَAnd it was said:إِذَاWhenاسْتَشَرْتَyou are consultedفَانْصَحْthen give sincere advice,وَإِذَاand whenتَرَكْتَyou leave/refrainفَصَفَحْthen pardon.
And it was said: When you are consulted, give sincere advice; and when you refrain, pardon.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:مَنْWhoeverوَعَظَadvisesأَخَاهُhis brotherسِرًّاin secretزَانَهُit adorns himوَمَنْand whoeverوَعَظَهُadvises himعَلَانِيَةًopenlyشَانَهُit shames him.
And another said: Whoever advises his brother in secret adorns him, and whoever advises him openly shames him.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:الِاعْتِصَامُHolding fastبِالْمَشُورَةِto consultationنَجَاةٌis salvation.
And another said: Holding fast to consultation is salvation.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:نِصْفُHalfعَقْلِكَof your intellectمَعَis withأَخِيكَyour brotherفَاسْتَشِرْهُso consult him.
And another said: Half of your intellect is with your brother, so consult him.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:إِذَاWhenأَرَادَwillsاللَّهُAllahبِعَبْدٍfor a servantهَلَاكاًruinأَهْلَكَهُHe ruins himبِرَأْيِهِby his own opinion.
And another said: When Allah wills the ruin of a servant, He ruins him by his own opinion.
وَقَالَAnd saidآخَرُanother:إِنَّIndeedالْمَشُورَةَconsultationتُقَوِّمُstraightensاعْوِجَاجَthe crookednessالرَّأْيِof opinion.
And another said: Indeed, consultation straightens the crookedness of opinion.
وَقَالَAnd saidإِيَّاكَBeware ofوَمَشُورَةَconsultingالنِّسَاءِwomen,فَإِنَّfor indeedرَأْيَهُنَّtheir opinionإِلَىleads toالْإِفْنِweakness/corruptionوَعَزْمَهُنَّand their resolutionإِلَىleads toالْوَهْنِinfirmity.
And he said: Beware of consulting women, for indeed their opinion leads to weakness and their resolution leads to infirmity.
وَرُوِيَAnd it was narratedعَنِfromابْنِIbnعَبَّاسٍAbbasرَضِيَmay Allah be pleasedاللَّهُwithعَنْهُhim
And it was narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him,
أَنَّهُthat heقَالَsaid:كَانَThere wasبَيْنَbetweenالْعَبَّاسِal-Abbasبْنِson ofعَبْدِAbdالْمُطَّلِبِal-Muttalibوَعَلِيِّand Aliبْنِson ofأَبِيAbiطَالِبٍTalibرَضِيَmay Allah be pleasedاللَّهُwith themعَنْهُ(alternative placement)مُبَاعَدَةٌestrangement.
that he said: There was an estrangement between al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with them.
فَلَقِيتُSo I metعَلِيًّاAliرَحِمَهُmay Allah have mercyاللَّهُon himفَقُلْتُand I saidلَهُto him:
So I met Ali, may Allah have mercy on him, and I said to him:
إِنْIfكَانَthere isلَكَfor youفِيinالنَّظَرِlookingإِلَىatعَمِّكَyour uncleحَاجَةٌa needفَأْتِهِthen come to himوَمَاand I doأَرَاكَnot think youتَلْقَاهُwill meet him.
If you have a desire to see your uncle, then come to him, for I do not think you will meet him.