تَعَالَىExalted::﴿وَامْسَحُواAnd wipeبِرُؤُوسِكُمْover your headsوَأَرْجُلَكُمْand your feetإِلَىup toالْكَعْبَيْنِ)the ankles)
Exalted is He: "And wipe over your heads and your feet up to the ankles." [Al-Ma'idah: 7]
وَنَحْوُهُand similar thingsوَهَذَاand this
and similar things, and this.
الْقَيْدُThe restrictionيَمْنَعُpreventsأَنْthatتَدْخُلَit entersفِيهِinto itتِلْكَthoseالْمَعَانِيmeanings.
The restriction prevents those meanings from entering into it.
فَإِذَاSo ifقِيلَit is said::رَأْسُthe headالْعَيْنِof the eyeوَرَأْسُand the headالدَّرْبِof the pathوَرَأْسُand the headالنَّاسِof the people,,وَرَأْسُand the headالأَمْرِof the matter,,فَهَذَاthisالْمُقَيَّدُrestrictedغَيْرُis notذَاكَthatالْمُقَيَّدُrestrictedالدَّالُّindicatingوَمَجْمُوعُand the totalاللَّفْظِof the wordالدَّالِّindicatingهُنَاhereغَيْرُis notمَجْمُوعُthe totalاللَّفْظِof the wordالدَّالِّindicatingهُنَاكَthere
So if it is said: 'the head of the eye', and 'the head of the path', and 'the head of the people', and 'the head of the matter', this restricted meaning is not that restricted meaning indicating, and the total word indicating here is not the total word indicating there.
لَكِنَّButاشْتَرَكَتَاthey shareفِيinبَعْضِsomeاللَّفْظِwordsكَاشْتِرَاكِlike the sharingكُلِّallالْأَسْمَاءِthe namesالْمُعَرَّفَةِthe definiteفِيinلَامِthe articleالتَّعْرِيفِof definition.
But they share in some words like the sharing of all the definite names in the article of definition.
وَلَوْAnd ifقَدَّرَit is possibleأَنْthatالْنَّاطِقَthe speakerبِاللُّغَةِwith the languageنَطَقَpronounceبِلَفْظِwith the wordرَأْسِheadالْإِنْسَانِof the humanأَوَّلاًfirst,,لِأَنْbecauseالْإِنْسَانَthe humanيَتَصَوَّرُimaginesرَأْسَهُhis headقَبْلَbeforeغَيْرِهِothers,,وَالتَّعْبِيرُand the expressionأَوَّلاًfirstهُوَisعَمَّاabout whatيَتَصَوَّرُhe imaginesأَوَّلاًfirst.
And if it is possible that the speaker with the language pronounces the word 'head of the human' first, because the human imagines his head before others, and the expression first is about what he imagines first.
فَالنّطْقُSo the pronunciationبِهَذَاof thisالْمُضافِaddedأَوَّلاًfirst,,لَاdoes notيَمْنَعُpreventأَنْthatيُنْطَقَit is pronouncedبَهِwith itمُضافًاaddedإِلَىtoغَيْرِهِothersثَانِيًاsecond.
So the pronunciation of this added first does not prevent that it is pronounced with it added to others second.
وَلَاAnd notيَكُونَit isهَذَاthisمِنَofالْمَجَازِmetaphorكَماasفِيinسَائِرِotherالْمُضافَاتِadditions
And this is not of metaphor as in other additions.
فَإِذَاSo ifقِيلَit is said::ابْنُsonآدَمَof Adamأَوَّلاًfirst,,لَمْit does notيَكُنْbeقَوْلُنَاour saying::ابْنُsonالْفَرَسِof the horse,,وَابْنُand the sonالْحِمَارِof the donkeyمَجَازًاa metaphor.
So if it is said: 'the son of Adam' first, our saying: 'the son of the horse, and the son of the donkey,' is not metaphor.
وكَذَلِكَAnd likewiseإِذَاifقِيلَit is said::بِنتُdaughterالْإِنْسَانِof the human،,لَمْit does notيَكُنْbeقَوْلُنَاour saying::بِنتُdaughterالْفَرَسِof the horse,,مَجَازًاmetaphor.
And likewise, if it is said: 'the daughter of the human', our saying: 'daughter of the horse', is not a metaphor.
وكَذَلِكَAnd likewiseإِذَاifقِيلَit is said::رَأْسُheadالْإِنْسَانِof the humanأَوَّلاًfirst,,لَمْit does notيَكُنْbeقَوْلُنَاour saying::رَأْسُheadالْفَرَسِof the horseمَجَازًاmetaphor.
And likewise, if it is said: 'the head of the human' first, our saying: 'head of the horse' is not metaphor.
وكَذَلِكَAnd likewiseفِيinسَائِرِotherالْمُضافَاتِadditionsإِذَاifقِيلَit is said:,يَدُhandهُof himأَوْorرَجُلُfoot.
And likewise in other additions, if it is said: 'his hand' or 'his foot'.
فَإِذَاSo ifقِيلَit is said::هُوَhe isحَقِيقَةٌthe realityفِيْمَاin whatأُضِيفَwas addedإِلَىtoالْحَيَوَانِthe animal.
So if it is said: 'he is a reality in what was added to the animal.'
قِيلَit is said::لَيْسَis notجَعَلَto makeهَذَاthisهُوَisالْحَقِيقَةُthe realityبِأَوْلَىmore deservingمِنْthanأَنْthatيُجْعَلَis madeمَاwhatأُضِيفَwas addedإِلَىtoالْإِنْسَانِthe humanرَأْسًا, ثُمَّthenقَدmayيُضَافَbe addedإِلَىtoمَاwhatلَاnotيَتَصَوَّرُهُis imaginedأَكْثَرَmostالنَّاسُpeopleمِنْofالْحَيَوَانَاتِanimalsالصُّغَارِsmallالَّتِيthatلَمْnotتَخْطُرَoccurبِبَالِto mindعَامَّةِgeneralالنَّاطِقِينَspeakingبِاللُّغَةِwith the language.
It is said: 'it is not more deserving to make this the reality than to make what was added to the human a head, then it may be added to what is not imagined by most people among small animals that have not occurred to the mind of the general speakers with the language.'
فَإِذَاSo ifقِيلَit is said::إِنَّهُthat it isحَقِيقَةٌthe realityفِيin this,فَلِمَاذَاthen whyلَاnotيَكُونَbeحَقِيقَةًa realityفِيinرَأْسِheadالْجَبَلِof the mountainوَالطَّرِيقِand the pathوَالْعَيْنِand the eye؟
So if it is said: 'that it is a reality in this, then why not be a reality in the head of the mountain, the path, and the eye?!
وكَذَلِكَAnd likewiseسَائِرُall otherمَاwhateverيُضَافُis addedإِلَىtoالْإِنْسَانِthe humanمِنْofأَعْضَائِهِhis organs,,وَأَوْلَادِهِand his childrenوَمَسَاكِنِهِand his dwellings,يُضَافُis addedمَثْلُهُto similar thingsإِلَىtoغَيْرِهِothers,,وَيُضَافُand is addedذَٰلِكَthatإِلَىtoالْجَمَادَاتِthe inanimate.
And likewise, all that is added to the human from his organs, and his children, and his dwellings, is added similarly to others, and that is added to the inanimate.
فَيُقَالُIt is said::رَأْسُheadالْجَبَلِof the mountain,,وَرَأْسُand the headالْعَيْنِ,},{وَخَطْمُand the snoutالْجَبَلِof the mountainأَيmeaningأَنْفُهُits noseوَفَمُand the mouthالْوَادِيof the valley,,وَبَطْنُand the bellyالْوَادِيof the valley,,وَظَهْرُand the backالْجَبَلِof the mountain,,وَبَطْنُand the bellyالْأَرْضِof the earthوَظَهْرُهَاand its back.
It is said: 'the head of the mountain, and the head of the eye, and the snout of the mountain, meaning its nose, and the mouth of the valley, and the belly of the valley, and the back of the mountain, and the belly of the earth and its back.'
وَيُسْتَعْمَلُAnd it is usedمَعَwithالأَلِفِthe article 'Al'.وَهُوَAnd it isلَفْظٌthe wordالظَّاهِرُapparentوَالْبَاطِنُand hiddenفِيinأُمُورٍmattersكَثِيرَةٍmany.
And it is used with the article 'Al', and it is the word 'apparent and hidden' in many matters.
وَالْمَعْنَىAnd the meaningفِيinالْجَمِيعِallأَنْthatالظَّاهِرَthe apparentلَمَّاwhenظَهَرَit appearsفَتَبَيَّنَand clarifies,وَالْبَاطِنُand hiddenلَمَّاwhenبَطَنَit is hiddenفَخَفِيَand concealed.
And the meaning in all is that the apparent is when it appears and clarifies, and the hidden is when it is hidden and concealed.
وَسُمِّيَAnd it is namedظَهْرُthe backالْإِنْسَانِof the humanظَهْرًاa backلِظُهُورِهِfor its appearanceوَبَطْنٌand the bellyالْإِنْسَانِof the humanبَطْنٌa bellyلِبُطُونِهِfor its bellies.
And the back of the human is named a back for its appearance, and the belly of the human is named a belly for its bellies.
فَإِذَاSo ifقِيلَit is said::إِنَّthatهَذَاthisحَقِيقَةٌis a reality،,وَذَاكَand thatمَجَازٌis a metaphor,لَمْit was notيَكُنْbeهَذَاthisأَوْلَىmore deservingمِنَthanالْعَكْسِ.the opposite.
So if it is said: 'this is a reality, and that is a metaphor, this was not more deserving than the opposite.'
وَأَيْضًاAnd alsoمِنَofالأَسْمَاءِthe namesمَاwhatتَكَلَّمَwas spokenبِهِwith itأَهْلُthe peopleاللُّغَةِof the languageمُفْرَدًاsingularly,,,كَأَلْفَظِas wordالْإِنْسَانِthe humanوَنَحْوَهُand similar.ثُمَّThenقَدmayيُسْتَعْمَلَbe usedمُقَيَّدًاrestrictedبِالْإِضَافَةِby addition,,,كَقَوْلِهِمas they say.إنْسَانُHumanالْعَيْنِof the eyeوَإِبْرَةٌand a needle,الذِّرَاعِthe arm,وَنَحْوَand similar.
And also, of the names what was spoken by the people of the language singularly, as the word 'the human' and similar, then it may be used restricted by addition, as they say: 'the human of the eye and a needle, the arm, and the like.