التَّيَمُّمُThe dry ablutionاستُعْمِلَis usedفيinمَعْنَاهُits known meaningالْمَعْرُوفِknownفيinاللُّغَةِthe languageفَإِنَّهُfor itأُمِرَwas commandedبِتَيَمُّمِto perform dry ablutionالصَّعِيدِthe dustثُمَّthenأُمِرَcommandedبِمَسْحِto wipeالْوُجُوهِthe facesوَالأَيْدِيand the handsمِنْهُfrom it
The dry ablution is used in its known meaning in the language, for it was commanded to perform dry ablution with dust, then it was commanded to wipe the faces and hands with it.
فَصَارَSo it becameلَفْظًاthe termالتَّيَمُّمُdry ablutionفيinعَرْفِthe understandingالْفُقَهَاءِof the juristsيَدْخُلُincludesفِيهِin itهَذَاthisالْمَسْحَwipingوَلَيْسَand is notهُوَitلُغَةًa term used by the legislatorالشَّارِعِthe legislatorبَلْbutالشَّارِعُthe legislatorفَرَّقَdistinguishedبَيْنَbetweenتَيَمُّمِdry ablutionالصَّعِيدِthe dustوَبَيْنَand betweenالْمَسْحِthe wipingالَّذِيthat whichيَكُونُoccursبَعْدَهُafter it
So the term 'dry ablution' in the understanding of the jurists includes this wiping, but it is not a term used by the legislator; rather, the legislator distinguished between the dry ablution with dust and the wiping that follows it.
وَلَفْظُAnd the termالإِيمَانُfaithأُمِرَwas commandedبِهِwith itمُقَيَّدًاrestrictedبِالإِيمَانِby faithبِاللَّهِin Allahوَمَلَائِكَتِهِand His angelsوَكُتُبِهِand His booksوَرُسُلِهِand His messengersوَكَذَلِكَLikewiseلَفْظُthe termالإِسْلَامُIslamبِالِسْتِسْلَامِby submittingلِلَّهِto Allahرَبِّthe Lordالْعَالَمِينَof the worldsوَكَذَلِكَSimilarlyلَفْظُthe termالْكُفْرُdisbeliefمُقَيَّدًاrestricted
And the term 'faith' was commanded with a restriction to faith in Allah, His angels, His books, and His messengers. Likewise, the term 'Islam' refers to the submission to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. Similarly, the term 'disbelief' is restricted.
وَلَكِنَّButلَفْظُthe termالنِّفَاقُhypocrisyقَدْhasقِيلَbeen saidإِنَّهُthat itلَمْwas notتَكُنspokenالْعَرَبُby the Arabsتَكَلَّمَتْaboutبِهِitلَكِنَّهُbut itمَأْخُوذٌis derivedمِنْfromكَلَامِهِمtheir speechفَإِنَّforنَفَقَnifaq (hypocrisy)يُشْبِهُis similar toخُرُوجًاcoming outمِنْهُand from itنَفَقَتْthe animal diedالدَّابَّةُthe beastإِذَاwhenمَاتَتْit diesوَمِنْهَاand henceنَفَاقَاءُthe burrowsالْيَرْبُوعِof the gerbilوَالنَّفَقُand the tunnelفِيinالْأَرْضِthe earthقَالَHe saidتَعَالَىthe ExaltedفَإِنِSo ifاسْتَطَعْتَyou couldأَنْtoتَبْتَغِيseekنَفَقًاa tunnelفِيinالْأَرْضِthe earth
But the term 'hypocrisy' has been said that it was not spoken by the Arabs, but it is derived from their speech, for 'nifaq' is similar to 'coming out'. From it, 'the animal died' is referred to, and hence the burrows of the gerbil, and the tunnel in the earth, as Allah the Exalted said: 'So if you could seek a tunnel in the earth'.
فَالمُنَافِقُSo the hypocriteهُوَis the one whoالَّذِيthatخَرَجَcame outمِنَfromالإِيمَانِfaithبَاطِنًاinwardlyبَعْدَafterدُخُولِهِenteringفِيهِinto itظَاهِرًاoutwardlyوَقَيَّدَAnd it was restrictedالنِّفَاقَhypocrisyبِأَنَّهُto beنِفَاقٌhypocrisyمِنَfromالإِيمَانِfaithوَمِنْAnd someالنَّاسِpeopleمَنْwhoيُسَمِّيcallمَنْwhoخَرَجَcame outعَنْfromطَاعَةِthe obedienceالْمَلِكِof the kingمُنَافِقًاa hypocriteعَلَيْهِagainst himلَكِنَّbutالنِّفَاقَhypocrisyالَّذِيthat whichفِيinالْقُرْآنِthe Quranهُوَisالنِّفَاقُhypocrisyعَلَىagainstالرَّسُولِthe messenger
So the hypocrite is one who has come out of faith inwardly after appearing to have entered it outwardly. Hypocrisy is defined as being a form of hypocrisy concerning faith, and some people call anyone who disobeys a king a hypocrite against him. But the hypocrisy mentioned in the Quran refers specifically to the hypocrisy against the Apostle.
فَخِطَابُSo the addressاللَّهِof Allahوَرَسُولِهِand His messengerلِلنَّاسِto the peopleبِهَذِهِwith theseالْأَسْمَاءِnamesكَخِطَابٍis like an addressالنَّاسِof the peopleبِغَيْرِهَاby otherوَهُوَAnd it isخِطَابٌan addressمُقَيَّدٌrestrictedخَاصٌّspecificلَاnotمُطْلَقٌabsoluteيَحْتَمِلُthat it includesأَنْوَاعًاtypes
So the address of Allah and His Messenger to the people with these names is like an address to the people by others, and it is a restricted specific address, not absolute that could include types.
وَقَدْAndبَيَّنَthe Messengerالرَّسُولُhas clarifiedتِلْكَthoseالْخَصَائِصَcharacteristicsوَالْاسْمُand the nameدَلَّindicatesعَلَيْهَاthemفَلَاSo do notيُقَالُit is saidإِنَّهَاthat it isمَنْقُولَةٌtransferredوَلَاnorأَنَّهُthat it isزِيدٌincreasedفِيinالْحُكْمِthe rulingدُونَwithoutالْاسْمِthe nameبَلْbutالْاسْمُthe nameإِنَّمَاonlyاسْتُعْمِلَis usedعَلَىin aوَجْهٍwayيَخْتَصُّspecificبِمُرَادِwith the intentالشَّارِعِof the legislatorلَمْnotيُسْتَعْمَلْusedمُطْلَقًاabsolutely
And the Messenger has clarified those characteristics, and the name indicates them, so it is not to be said that it is transferred, nor that it is increased in the ruling without the name. Rather, the name is used only in a way that is specific to the intent of the legislator and is not used absolutely.
وَهُوَAnd it isإِنَّمَاonlyقَالَsaidأَقِيمُواEstablishالصَّلَاةَthe prayerبَعْدَafterأَعْرَفَهُمْHe made them knowالصَّلَاةَthe prayerالْمَأْمُورَةَthat has been commandedبِهَاwith itفَكَانَتْThus it wasالتَّعْرِيفُthe definitionمُنْصَرِفًاwas directedإِلَىtoالصَّلَاةِthe prayerالَّتِيthat whichيَعْرِفُونَهَاthey knowلَمْnotيُنْزَلْwas revealedلَفْظُthe termالصَّلَاةَprayerوَهُمْwhile theyلَاdo notيَعْرِفُونَknowمَعْنَاهَاits meaning
And it is that He only commanded 'Establish the prayer' after He made them know the prayer that has been commanded with it. Thus, the definition was directed to the prayer that they know; the term 'prayer' was not revealed while they did not know its meaning.
وَلِهَذَاAnd for this reasonكُلُّwhoeverقَالَsaysفِيinلَفْظِthe termالصَّلَاةِprayerإِنَّهُthat itعَامٌّis generalلِلْمَعْنَىfor the meaningاللُّغَوِيِّlinguisticأَوْorإِنَّهُthat itمُجْمَلٌis ambiguousلِتَرَدُّدِهِfor its fluctuationبَيْنَbetweenالْمَعْنَىthe meaningاللُّغَوِيِّlinguisticوَالْشَّرْعِيِّand legalوَنَحْوَand similarذَلِكَthatفَأَقْوَالُهُمْThen their sayingsضَعِيفَةٌare weakفَإِنَّfor indeedهَذَاthisاللَّفْظُtermإِنَّمَاonlyوَرَدَcameخَبَرًاas a newsأَوْorأَمْرًاa commandفَالْخَبَرُThe newsكَقَوْلِهِlike His sayingأَرَأَيْتَHave you seenالَّذِيthe one whoيَنْعَىmournsعَبْدًاa servantإِذَاwhenصَلَّىhe prays
And for this reason, whoever says about the term 'prayer' that it is general for the linguistic meaning, or that it is ambiguous due to its fluctuation between the linguistic and legal meanings, and similar to that, then their sayings are weak; for indeed, this term was only revealed as a news or a command, and the news is like His saying: 'Have you seen the one who mourns a servant when he prays?'
وَسُورَةٌAnd the chapterاقرَأْReadمِنْfromأَوَّلِthe firstمَاwhatنُزِّلَwas revealedمِنَofالْقُرْآنِthe QuranوَكَانَAnd it wasبَعْضُsomeالْكُفَّارِof the disbelieversإِمَّاeitherأَبُوAbuجَهْلٍJahlأَوْorغَيْرِهِothersقَدْhadنَهَىforbiddenالْنَّبِيَّthe ProphetﷺPeace be upon himعَنْfromالصَّلَاةِthe prayerوَقَالَand saidلَئِنْIfرَأَيْتُهُI see himيُصَلِّيprayingلَأَطَأَنَّI will trampleعُنُقَهُhis neck
And the chapter 'Read' is one of the first that was revealed from the Quran, and there were some disbelievers, either Abu Jahl or others, who had forbidden the Prophet, peace be upon him, from the prayer, and he said: 'If I see him praying, I will trample on his neck.'
فَلَمَّاSo whenرَآهُhe saw himسَاجِدًاprostratingرَأَىhe sawمِنَfromالْهَوْلِthe horrorمَاwhatأَوْجَبَcausedنَكَصَهُhis retreatعَلَىonعَقِبَيْهِhis heels
So when he saw him prostrating, he saw from the horror what caused his retreat on his heels.
فَإِذاSo ifقِيلَit is saidأَرَأَيْتَHave you seenالَّذِيthe one whoيَنْعَىmournsعَبْدًاa servantإِذَاwhenصَلَّىhe prays
So if it is said: 'Have you seen the one who mourns a servant when he prays?'
فَقَدْThen indeedعَلِمْتَyou knowتِلْكَthat prayerالصَّلَاةَthe prayerالْوَاقِعَةَoccurringبِلاَwithoutإِجْمَالٍambiguityفِيinاللَّفْظِthe termوَلَاnorعُمُومٍgeneralization
Then indeed, you know that prayer occurring without ambiguity in the term, nor generalization.