وَقَدْAndاتَّفَقَagreedالمُسْلِمُونَMuslimsعَلَىonأَنَّهُthatمَنْwhoلَمْdid notيَأْتِcomeبِالْشَّهَادَتَيْنِwith the two testimonies,,فَهُوَhe isكَافِرٌa disbeliever,,وَأَمَّاAs forالأَعْمَالِthe actsالأَرْبَعَةِfour,,فَقَدْthey differedاخْتَلَفُواinفِيthe disbelief ofتَارِكِهَاthe one who abandons it.
And the Muslims have agreed that whoever does not come with the two testimonies is a disbeliever. As for the four acts, they differed in the disbelief of the one who abandons them.
وَنَحْنُAnd weإِذَاifقُلْنَاwe say::أَهْلُthe people ofالسُّنَّةِthe Sunnahمُتَّفِقُونَare in agreementعَلَىonأَنَّهُthatلَاnotيُكَفِّرُdisbelieveبِالذَّنْبِby sin,,فَإِنَّمَاit is onlyنُرِيدُwe meanبِهِby itالمَعَاصِيَthe sinful actsكَالزِّنَىsuch as adulteryوَالشُّرْبِand drinking,,وَأَمَّاand as forهَذِهِtheseالْمَبَانِيَfoundationsفَفِيthereinتَكْفِيرِthe disbelief ofتَارِكِهَاthe one who abandons itنِزَاعٌthere is a disputeمَشْهُورٌfamous,,وَعَنْand regardingأَحْمَدَAhmadفِيinذَٰلِكَthatالنِّزَاعِdisputeوَإِحْدَىand one ofالرِّوَايَاتِthe narrationsعَنْهُfrom him::أَنَّهُthat heيُكَفِّرُdisbelievesمَنْwhoتَرَكَabandonsوَاحِدَةًoneمِنْهَاof themوَهُوَand it isاخْتِيَارُthe choiceأَبِيof AbuبَكْرٍBakrوَطَائِفَةٍand a groupمِنْofأَصْحَابِthe companionsمَالِكٍof Malik,,كَابْنِsuch as IbnحَبِيبٍHabib,,وَعَنْهُand from himرِوَايَةٌa narrationثَانِيَةٌsecond::لَاnotيُكَفِّرُdisbelieveإِلَّاexceptبِتَرْكِby abandoningالصَّلَاةِthe prayerوَالزَّكَاةِand the Zakatفَقَطُonly,,وَرِوَايَةٌand a narrationثَالِثَةٌthird::لَاnotيُكَفِّرُdisbelieveإِلَّاexceptبِتَرْكِby abandoningالصَّلَاةِthe prayerوَالزَّكَاةِand the Zakatإِذَاifقَاتَلَfoughtالإِمَامُthe Imamعَلَيْهَاon it,,وَرَابِعَةٌand a fourth::لَاnotيُكَفِّرُdisbelieveإِلَّاexceptبِتَرْكِby abandoningالصَّلَاةِthe prayer,,وَخَامِسَةٌand a fifth::لَاnotيُكَفِّرُdisbelieveبِتَرْكِby abandoningشَيْءٍanythingمِنْهُنَّof them.
And we, if we say: The people of the Sunnah are in agreement that a person is not disbelieved for his sin, we mean by that sinful acts such as adultery and drinking. As for these foundations, there is a well-known dispute regarding the disbelief of the one who abandons them.
وَهَذِهِAnd theseأَقْوَالٌstatementsمَعْرُوفَةٌare well-knownلِلْسَّلَفِto the Salaf.
And these statements are well-known to the Salaf.
قَالَHe saidالْحَكَمُAl-HakamبْنُbinعُتَيْبَةَAtee'bahمَنْwhoeverتَرَكَabandonsالصَّلَاةَthe prayerمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionally,,فَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelieved,,وَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَabandonsالزَّكَاةَthe Zakatمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionally,,فَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelieved,,وَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَabandonsالْحَجَّthe pilgrimageمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionally,,فَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelieved,,وَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَabandonsصَوْمَthe fast ofرَمَضَانَRamadanمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionally,,فَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelieved.
Al-Hakam bin Atee'bah said: Whoever abandons the prayer intentionally, has disbelieved; and whoever abandons the Zakat intentionally, has disbelieved; and whoever abandons the pilgrimage intentionally, has disbelieved; and whoever abandons the fast of Ramadan intentionally, has disbelieved.
وَقَالَAnd saidسَعِيدٌSaeedبْنُbinجُبَيْرٍJubair::مَنْwhoeverتَرَكَabandonsالصَّلَاةَthe prayerمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionallyفَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelievedبِاللَّهِin Allahوَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَabandonsالزَّكَاةَthe Zakatمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionallyفَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelievedبِاللَّهِin Allahوَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَabandonsصَوْمَthe fast ofرَمَضَانَRamadanمُتَعَمِّدًاintentionallyفَقَدْhasكَفَرَdisbelievedبِاللَّهِin Allah.
And Saeed bin Jubair said: Whoever abandons the prayer intentionally has disbelieved in Allah; and whoever abandons the Zakat intentionally has disbelieved in Allah; and whoever abandons the fast of Ramadan intentionally has disbelieved in Allah.
وَقَالَAnd saidالضَّحَّاكُAl-Dhahak::لَاNotتُرْفَعُelevatedالصَّلَاةُthe prayerإِلَّاexceptبِالزَّكَاةِby the Zakat.
And Al-Dhahak said: The prayer is not elevated except by the Zakat.
وَقَالَAnd saidعَبْدُ اللَّهِAbdullahبْنُbinمَسْعُودٍMas'udمَنْwhoeverأَقَامَestablishesالصَّلَاةَthe prayerوَلَمْand did notيُؤْتِgiveالزَّكَاةَthe Zakatفَلَاthen notصَلَاةَa prayerلَهُfor him.
And Abdullah bin Mas'ud said: Whoever establishes the prayer and does not give the Zakat, then his prayer is not accepted.
رَوَاهُنَThese were narrated byأَسَدٌAsadابْنُbinمُوسَىMusa.
These were narrated by Asad bin Musa.
وَقَالَAnd saidعَبْدُ اللَّهِAbdullahبْنُbinعَمْرٍوAmr::مَنْWhoeverشَرِبَdrinksالْخَمْرَthe wineمَمْسِيًاin the evening,,أَصْبَحَwakes upمُشْرِكًاas a polytheist,,وَمَنْand whoeverشَرِبَهَاdrinks itمُصْبِحًاin the morning,,أَمْسَىbecomesمُشْرِكًاa polytheist,,فَقِيلَit was saidلِإِبْرَاهِيمَto IbrahimالنَّخَعِيِّAl-Nakha'i::كَيْفَhowذَٰلِكَis that?,,قَالَhe said::لَأَنَّهُbecause heيَتْرُكُleavesالصَّلَاةَthe prayer.
And Abdullah bin Amr said: Whoever drinks wine in the evening, wakes up as a polytheist; and whoever drinks it in the morning, becomes a polytheist. It was said to Ibrahim Al-Nakha'i: How is that? He said: Because he leaves the prayer.
قَالَHe saidأَبُوAbuعَبْدُ اللَّهِAbdullahالْأَخْنَسُAl-Akhnasفِيinكِتَابِهِhis book::مَنْWhoeverشَرِبَdrinksالْمُسْكِرَthe intoxicantفَقَدْhasتَعَرَّضَexposed himselfلِتَرْكِto leavingالصَّلَاةِthe prayer,,وَمَنْand whoeverتَرَكَleavesالصَّلَاةَthe prayerفَقَدْhasخَرَجَexitedمِنَfromالإِيمَانِfaith.
Abu Abdullah Al-Akhnas said in his book: Whoever drinks the intoxicant has exposed himself to leaving the prayer; and whoever leaves the prayer has exited from faith.
وَمِمَّاAnd from whatيُوَضِّحُclarifiesذَٰلِكَthat::أَنَّthatجِبْرِيلَGabrielلَمَّاwhenسَأَلَaskedالنَّبِيَّthe Prophetﷺ(peace be upon him)عَنْaboutالإِسْلَامِIslamوَإِيمَانِand faithوَالإِحْسَانِand righteousnessكَانَwasفِيinآخِرِthe endالأَمْرِof the matterبَعْدَafterفَرْضِthe obligation ofالْحَجِّthe pilgrimage,,وَالْحَجُّand the pilgrimageإِنَّمَاwas onlyفُرِضَobligatedسَنَةًon the yearتِسْعٍnineأَوْorعَشْرٍten
And from what clarifies that is: That when Gabriel asked the Prophet (peace be upon him) about Islam, faith, and righteousness, it was at the end of the matter after the obligation of the pilgrimage; and the pilgrimage was only obligated in the ninth or tenth year.
وَقَدْAndاتَّفَقَagreedالنَّاسُthe peopleعَلَىonأَنَّهُthatلَمْdid notيُفْرَضْobligateقَبْلَbeforeسِتٍّsixمِنَofالْهِجْرَةِthe migration,,وَمَعْلُومٌand it is knownأَنَّthatالرَّسُولَthe Messengerلَمْdid notيَأْمُرِcommandالنَّاسَthe peopleبِالْإِيمَانِto believe,,وَلَمْand did notيُبَيِّنْclarifyلَهُمْto themمَعْنَاهُits meaningإِلَىuntilذَٰلِكَthat time,,بَلْratherكَانُواthey wereيَعْرِفُونَknowأَصْلَthe origin ofمَعْنَاهُits meaningوَهَذِهِand theseالْمَسَائِلُissuesلَبَسْطِهَاto elaborate on themمَوْضِعٌthe placeآخَرُother
And the people have agreed that it was not obligated before six years after the migration; and it is known that the Messenger did not command the people to believe, nor did he clarify its meaning to them until that time. Rather, they knew the origin of its meaning, and these issues require a different place to elaborate on.